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performance limits

Толкование Перевод

1 performance limits
1. допуски на характеристики
допуски на характеристики
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
EN
- performance limits
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > performance limits
2 performance limits

1) Космонавтика: предельные технические характеристики

2) Электротехника: предельные характеристики

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > performance limits
3 performance limits

предельные ( технические) характеристики

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > performance limits
4 aircraft performance limits

Макаров: летно-технические ограничения

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > aircraft performance limits
5 performance

1. поведение, характеристика ( работы машины) ; эксплуатационные качества

2. производительность; коэффициент полезного действия; отдача; работа

3. выполнение, совершение

depletion performance of reservoir — разработка пласта без искусственного поддержания давления

performance of a bit — показатели работы долота (производительность, срок службы, расход алмазов и т. д.)

performance of a well — поведение скважины

performance of the reservoir — reservoir performance

performance of water drive reservoir — поведение пласта с водонапорным режимом

— average performance

— bit performance

— drilling performance

— estimated performance

— field performance

— long-life performance

— oil sand performance

— operating performance

— predicted performance

— pressure depletion performance

— production performance

— reservoir performance

— service performance

— top performance

* * *

1. работа; действие

2. исправная работа ( машины)

3. рабочая характеристика; эксплуатационные качества

4. технические данные

5. производительность; эффективность; отдача

6. качество функционирования

pumping performance of well production — период насосной эксплуатации скважины

to check the performance — проверять эксплуатационные качества;

to match the performance — соответствовать заданным характеристикам

— abnormal performance

— availability performance

— beyond-specification limits performance

— corrosion performance

— defett-free performance

— drilling performance

— error-free performance

— failure performance

— failure-free performance

— field performance

— in-use performance

— life performance

— maintainability performance

— maximum achievable performance

— metrological performance

— midrange performance

— nonstandard performance

— normal operating performance

— off-standard performance

— operating performance

— operational performance

— performance of bit

— performance without failure

— rated performance

— reliability performance

— repair performance

— running performance

— safe performance

— safety performance

— standard performance

— substandard performance

— successful performance

— sustained performance

— test performance

— unfailing performance

— unreliable performance

— worse-than-standard performance

* * *

производительность, отдача, работа; поведение; характеристика, эксплуатационная характеристика; выполнение, совершение

* * *

1) работа; действие

2) исправная работа ( машины)

3) рабочая характеристика; эксплуатационные качества

4) технические данные

5) производительность; эффективность; отдача

6) качество функционирования

•

to check the performance — проверять эксплуатационные качества;

to match the performance — соответствовать заданным характеристикам;

performance without failure — безотказная работа

- performance of bit
- performance of reservoir
- performance of water drive reservoir
- performance of well
- abnormal performance
- array performance
- availability performance
- average performance
- bed performance
- beyond-specification limits performance
- bit performance
- charge performance
- corrosion performance
- defect-free performance
- depletion performance of reservoir
- downhole performance
- drill bit performance
- estimated performance
- drilling performance
- drilling bit performance
- error-free performance
- failure performance
- failure-free performance
- field performance
- field production performance
- inflow performance
- influx performance
- in-use performance
- knock-limited performance
- life performance
- long-life performance
- maintainability performance
- maximum achievable performance
- metrological performance
- midrange performance
- nonstandard performance
- normal operating performance
- off-standard performance
- oil production performance
- oil reservoir performance
- oil sand performance
- operating performance
- operational performance
- peak diamond performance
- predicted performance
- predicting reservoir performance
- pressure depletion performance of reservoir
- production performance
- pump performance
- rated performance
- reliability performance
- repair performance
- reservoir performance
- running performance
- safe performance
- safety performance
- standard performance
- substandard performance
- successful performance
- sustained performance
- test performance
- tool performance
- top performance
- turbodrill performance
- unfailing performance
- unreliable performance
- waterflooding performance
- well performance
- worse-than-standard performance
* * *

• исправная работа

• отдача

• поведение

• показатели

• техническая характеристика

• технические данные

• эксплуатационная характеристика

Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > performance
6 beyond-specification limits performance

характеристика, выходящая за пределы, указанные в техническом задании

* * *

характеристика, выходящая за пределы, указанные в техническом задании

Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > beyond-specification limits performance
7 beyond-specification limits performance

Нефть: характеристика, выходящая за пределы, указанные в техническом задании

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > beyond-specification limits performance
8 limit

предел, граница; допуск; ограничивать

angle of attack limit — предел по углу атаки, предельное значение угла атаки

c.g. limit — предельная центровка

duration limit of the thrust chamber — предельная продолжительность работы ракетного двигателя (до разрушения из-за перегрева)

engine inflight starting limits — границы надёжного запуска двигателя в полете

exceed the G limit — превышать предельно допустимую перегрузку

limit for afterburner initiation — граница по включению форсажной камеры

limit of a stopway — граница концевой полосы безопасности

limits of human endurance — пределы переносимости человеком по времени (неблагоприятных условий)

lower safety zone limit — нижняя граница безопасной зоны

roll (attitude) hold limit — предел стабилизации по углу крена

— acceleration limit

— aft CO limit

— allowable radiation limit

— altimeter limit

— altitude Doppler limit

— asymmetric-case limit

— attitude hold limit

— automatic approach limit

— autopilot limit

— autopilot's certification limit

— blowout limit

— buffeting limit

— cavitation limit

— center-of-gravity limit

— clearance limit

— cold acceleration limit

— cold-weather thrust limit

— combustion limit

— compressor surge limit

— compressor temperature limit

— confidence limit

— crosswind limit

— deceleration limit

— detection limit

— dynamic pressure limit

— elevation limits

— fatigue limit

— field-length limit

— flame-holding limits

— flight manual limits

— flight-envelope limit

— flutter limit

— forward CG limit

— g-force limit

— heading hold limit

— hot acceleration limit

— human decelerative limits

— hypersonic limits

— jet-pipe temperature limit

— load limit

— lower temperature limit

— lower thrust limit

— maneuvering limits

— mechanical limit

— minimum q limit

— noise limit

— obstacle clearance limit

— operational range limit

— overhaul limit

— performance limits

— pitch g limit

— pitch hold limit

— pitch limit

— prescribed limit

— preset limit

— propellant temperature limits

— pylon load limit

— q limit

— ramjet operating limits

— range limit

— redline limit

— roll rate limit

— rudder-travel limit

— speed limit

— stability limit

— stall limit

— strength limit

— structural limit

— surge limit

— takeoff acceleration limit

— takeoff power limit

— test limits

— thrust limit

— tolerance limit

— turbojet operating limits

— velocity Doppler limit

— volume load limit

— weather limit

— within limits

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > limit
9 near cash

!

гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

Introduction

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

Principles of the framework

The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
"
consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
" "
the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
" "
strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
"
the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
"
the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
"
the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)

The framework for public expenditure is divided between
"
Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
"
Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

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Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL)

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME)

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Total Managed Expenditure

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

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Resource Accounting and Budgeting ( RAB)

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
"
Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
"
Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
"
Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
"
Administration Budgets (see below)

Administration Budgets

The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

Spending Reviews

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
"
provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
" "
enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
" "
introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
"
not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

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Comprehensive Spending Review 2007

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
"
an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
" "
an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
" "
to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
"
further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Obtaining good performance

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

Departmental Investment Strategies (DISs)

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

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"
GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
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GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

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64Managing Public Money

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash
10 Bibliography

■ Aitchison, J. (1987). Noam Chomsky: Consensus and controversy. New York: Falmer Press.

■ Anderson, J. R. (1980). Cognitive psychology and its implications. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

■ Anderson, J. R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

■ Anderson, J. R. (1995). Cognitive psychology and its implications (4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.

■ Archilochus (1971). In M. L. West (Ed.), Iambi et elegi graeci (Vol. 1). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

■ Armstrong, D. M. (1990). The causal theory of the mind. In W. G. Lycan (Ed.), Mind and cognition: A reader (pp. 37-47). Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. (Originally published in 1981 in The nature of mind and other essays, Ithaca, NY: University Press).

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Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography
11 system

1) система

2) установка; устройство

•

to get the system on-stream — вводить систему в действие

- 2D CAD system
- 2D design system
- 2-D draughting system
- 2D milling CAM system
- 3 nonsimultaneous axes control system
- 3D CAD system
- 3D design system
- 3D milling CAM system
- 3-D surface-modeling system
- 3-D system
- abrasive waterjet cutting system
- absolute control system
- absolute dimension measuring system
- accident-protection system
- accountancy system
- accounting data system
- ACO system
- acoustic feedback control system
- acquisition system
- active enclosure system
- adaptable system
- adaptive CNC system
- adaptive control constraint system
- adaptive control system
- adaptive pulsing system
- adaptive robot system
- add-on NC programming system
- administrative information data system
- administrative information system
- ADR system
- advanced command data system
- advanced data analysis system
- advanced data display system
- advanced display system
- advanced integrated data system
- advanced interactive debugging system
- advanced management information system
- advisory system
- AGV system
- air flotation system
- air-bearing system
- air-cooling system
- air-delivery system
- air-gaging system
- airlock system
- air-oil mist lubrication system
- air-plasma arc-profiling system
- air-purge system
- alarm system
- all-enveloping guard system
- analog computing system
- analog recording system
- angstrom-positioning system
- antideflection system
- antilock brake system
- antisag system
- application-specific system
- APT generating expert system
- Archimedes system
- array system
- AS/RS system
- assembly management system
- assembly system
- attitude display system
- autolube system
- automated communications and messages processing system
- automated design and optimization of control system
- automated design system
- automated digital design system
- automated industrial management system
- automated information data system
- automated information dissemination system
- automated information retrieval system
- automated inventory distribution system
- automated machining system
- automated management information system
- automated management system
- automated measuring system
- automated parts input-output system
- automated reliability and maintenance management system
- automated storage control system
- automatic alignment-and-centering system
- automatic call distribution system
- automatic CAM system
- automatic chuck-changing system
- automatic data acquisition system
- automatic data distribution system
- automatic data system
- automatic diagnostic-and-recovery system
- automatic display plotting system
- automatic distributive numerical control system
- automatic fixturing system
- automatic gaging-and-compensating system
- automatic measurement-and-compensation system
- automatic message accounting system
- automatic message distribution system
- automatic pallet storage/retrieval system
- automatic program transfer system
- automatic record evaluation system
- automatic telemetry system
- automatic test analysis system
- automatic test system
- automatic testing, evaluating and reporting system
- automatic tool cassette changer system
- automatic tool retraction system
- automatic tool retraction/correction/reentry system
- automatic tool wear/tool broken sensing system
- automatically taught system
- automation system
- autonomous system
- autopatch system
- AWS system
- axis drive system
- axis motor system
- axis-stopping system
- backlash-free friction system
- back-to-back system
- balance system
- balanced system of forces
- balanced system
- bar feed system
- bar pulling system
- bar pusher system
- barring coding system
- base coordinate system
- base data system
- base file system
- base operating information system
- basic disk operating system
- basic hole system
- basic input/output system
- basic NC system
- basic programming system
- basic shaft system
- batching system
- batch-machining system
- battery system
- BCC management information system
- beam delivery system
- belt turnover system
- belt twist system
- binary system
- binary vision system
- biped robotic system
- block-tool system
- block-type tool change system
- bonded stores system
- boring system
- bought-in control system
- brake system
- branch information system
- breakaway system
- breathing system
- broad system of ordering
- BTA deep-hole-drilling system
- BTA-style deep-hole-drilling system
- bug-free system
- building block system
- bulk system
- business information system
- buy-and-plug-in system
- C/C system
- cable and hose carrying system
- CAD access system
- CAD system
- CAD/CAM system
- CAD/CAM/CAE and product data management system
- CAD/CAM/CAE system
- CAD/CAPP/CAM system
- CADAR system
- CAD-integrating system
- CAD-only system
- CAE system
- CAE/CAD/CAM system
- CAG system
- CAM system
- cam-and-lever system
- capacitance-based measuring system
- CAPP system
- capture system
- carrierband system
- cart/pallet transfer system
- Cartesian coordinate system
- cassette jaw-change system
- cell control system
- cell management system
- cell-type system
- cellular manufacturing system
- central analog data distributing and controlling system
- central automatic message accounting system
- central storage system
- centralized control system
- centralized coolant and extractor system
- centralized swarf conveying system
- centralized swarf removal system
- chain conveyor system
- check system
- checking system
- checkout system
- chiller system
- chip conveyor system
- chip guard system
- chip-evacuation system
- chuck/chuck jaw changing system
- chucking system
- chuck-jaw system
- chuck-loading system
- CIM system
- circular monitoring system
- circular part-processing system
- circulating lubrication system
- circulating oil system
- circulation system
- clamping system
- closed cooling system
- closed loop control system
- closed loop machine control system
- closed loop size control system
- closed loop system
- closed-proprietary system
- CM system
- CNC hardware system
- CNC machine tool system
- CNC programming system
- CNC system
- CNC transfer system
- CNC-ACC system
- CNC-control system
- coherent system of units
- collecting system
- collet pad top jaw system
- combined cooling system
- combined production system
- command-line NC system
- commercial vision system
- communication system
- companion system
- comprehensive power measurement system
- computer analysis and design system
- computer automation real-time operating system
- computer data communication system
- computer NC system
- computer system
- computer vision system
- computer-aided design support system
- computer-aided dispatch system
- computer-aided gaging system
- computer-aided programming system
- computer-aided telemetry system
- computer-aided test system
- computer-assisted command system
- computer-assisted message processing system
- computer-assisted microfilm retrieval system
- computer-assisted operation sequence planning system
- computer-automated machine-tool system
- computer-automated test system
- computer-based management system
- computer-based message system
- computer-controlled materials-handling system
- computer-controlled system
- computer-coordinated measuring system
- computer-directed swing-arm tool-changing system
- computer-driven control system
- computer-hosted manufacturing system
- computer-integrated manufacturing system
- computer-integrated system
- computerized information retrieval system
- computerized machine control system
- computerized manufacturing system
- computerized numerical control system
- computerized production control system
- computerized shopfloor data collection system
- computer-oriented production management system
- computer-oriented system
- computing system
- concurrent force system
- conductor system
- conservative system
- constant delivery system
- constant volume system
- constant-contact scanning system
- constraint satisfaction system
- continuous feedback control system
- continuous flow system
- continuous-path CNC system
- continuous-path control system
- contouring control system
- contouring system
- controlled path system
- controlling system
- conventional ACC system
- conversational analysis and drafting system
- conveying system
- conveyor system
- conveyoring system
- conveyorized work-handling system
- coolant clarification system
- coolant laundering system
- coolant mist system
- coolant recirculating system
- coolant recovery system
- coolant recycling system
- coolant supply system
- coolant-circulating system
- coolant-thru-body system
- cooling system
- coordinate drive system
- coordinate system
- coprocessor board system
- copymill control system
- corporate information and office system
- coupling system
- CPS system
- CRT control system
- CRT system
- customer-oriented system
- customized FMS control system
- cut-piece transfer system
- cycloidal tooth system
- data base management system
- data communication system
- data control system
- data input management system
- data management system
- data origination system
- data processing system
- data retrieval system
- data transfer system
- datum system for geometrical tolerancing
- datum system
- DDM system
- decentralized DNC system
- decision enabling system
- decision support system
- dedicated production system
- deep-hole-drilling system
- defect-free machining system
- delivery system
- demand pull flexible system
- demand push flexible system
- departmental management system
- descaling system
- design coordinate system
- design support system
- design-automation system
- design-for-manufacturing system
- design-with-feature system
- desk-top publishing system
- deterministic system
- dexel-based system
- diagnostic communication control system
- diagnostic computer control system
- dialog system
- diamond-lapping system
- digital readout system
- digitizing system
- digitizing/data capture system
- dimensional verification system
- direct impingement starting system
- direct lubrication system
- direct NC system
- discrete-continuous system
- dispatcher system
- distributed computer system
- distributed mass-spring system
- distributed microprocessor system
- distributed processing system
- distributed quality system
- distributed system
- distributive numerical control system
- DNC flexible machining system
- DNC machine control system
- DNC machine tool control system
- DNC system
- DNC/FM system
- document processing system
- document retrieval system
- document search system
- domain-expert system
- Doppler system
- DOS CAM system
- double tube system
- dowel pin system
- DRO system
- drop-feed-lubrication system
- DTP system
- dual laser optical system
- dual laser referencing system
- dual system
- dual-beam LDDM system
- dual-pallet shuttle system
- dual-shaft electric propulsion system
- dynamic beam focusing laser system
- dynamic data system
- dynamic mapping system
- early warning system
- eddy current damper system
- edge-sensing system
- edge-type positioning system
- eight-station pallet system
- electrical contact tracing system
- electrofluidic control system
- emergency protection system
- enclosure system
- encoder checking system
- endpoint locating system
- energy-adaptive system
- energy-saving drive system
- engine starting system
- entry-level NC system
- environmental control system
- equivalent rigid link system
- equivalent systems of forces
- ESD system
- estimating system
- example-driven system
- expert control system
- expert process planning system
- expert system
- external box system
- extractor system
- fact retrieval system
- factory automation system
- fault detection system
- fault-signal system
- FBG system
- feasibility routing system
- feature-based CAM system
- feature-based system
- feed system
- feedback control system
- feedback gaging system
- feedback position control system
- feedback system
- feed-drive system
- feedforward compensatory control system
- feed-only AC system
- feed-overriding system
- FFS system
- file control system
- finite capacity scheduling system
- fixed coordinate system
- fixed-feature NC system
- fixed-rail system
- fixture design system
- fixture system
- fixturing system
- flanged pipe system
- flexible assembly system
- flexible automated manufacturing system
- flexible automation system
- flexible computer-controlled robotic system
- flexible fabricating system
- flexible fixturing system
- flexible handling system
- flexible laser optical system
- flexible laser system
- flexible lathe system
- flexible machine system
- flexible machining center system
- flexible machining system
- flexible manufacturing system
- flexible NC system
- flexible press system
- flexible tooling system
- flexible transfer system
- flexible turning system
- flood coolant system
- flow-line production system
- flow-type manufacturing system
- fluid management system
- fluid power system
- flush-type cooling system
- fly system
- FMS operating system
- FMS/CAD/CAM system
- FMS-type production system
- force measurement system
- force sensory system
- force system
- force-sensing system
- forecasting system
- four-station pallet system
- four-tier quality system
- FROG navigation system
- FROG system
- full-blown system
- fully specified system
- gage system
- gaging computer system
- gaging-and-compensating system
- gantry loading system
- gantry-based turning system
- gantry-style motion system
- gas-turbine starting system
- gating system
- gear roller system
- gear system
- gear testing system
- general information retrieval system
- generative planning system
- generic control system
- generic messaging system
- generic system
- glass fiber system
- glazing system
- goal-seeking system
- graphic numerical control system
- graphic processing system
- graphics system
- graphics-oriented system
- grating measuring system
- gravity oil system
- gray scale imaging system
- grinder vision system
- group control system
- guarding system
- guidance system
- guiding system
- handling system
- handwriting-input system
- hard-automated system
- hardware NC system
- hardware support system
- head change system
- head changer system
- head-changing flexible manufacturing system
- help system
- hierarchical coding system
- hierarchical control system
- hierarchical information control system
- high-noise-immunity system
- high-rise system
- high-speed positioning system
- high-speed-processor control system
- high-volume system
- Hirth gear-tooth system
- holding system
- holding tool system
- hole system
- holonomic system
- host computer-assisted programming system
- host distributive numerical control system
- hybrid computing system
- hydraulic oil system
- hydraulic system
- hydraulic-circuit system
- hypertext system
- ID system
- IDNC system
- illumination system
- image detection system
- image processing system
- imaging system
- IMC system
- immersion-washing system
- inconsistent system of equations
- incremental measuring system
- index system
- indirect lubrication system
- individual lubrication system
- inductive telemetry system
- inductively guided cart system
- industrial vision system
- in-feed system
- inference system
- in-floor chip-disposal system
- information infrastructure system
- information logical system
- information processing system
- information storage and retrieval system
- information system
- information-gathering system
- information-management system
- information-sharing system
- infrared imaging system
- infrared system
- in-house minicomputer system
- in-house system
- inlet control system
- in-process gaging system
- in-process sensing system
- in-process storage system
- insert-selection system
- instrumentation system
- insulating system
- integral movement monitoring system
- integrated CAD/CAPP/CAM system
- integrated CAM system
- integrated circuit numerical control system
- integrated computer system
- integrated information system
- integrated machine system
- integrated machining system
- integrated manufacturing and assembly system
- integrated manufacturing system
- integrated NC machine system
- integrated production system
- integrated sensor system
- intelligent control system
- interactive control system
- interactive graphics processing system
- interactive manufacturing control system
- interconnection system
- interdepartmental communication system
- interferometer measuring system
- interlocking system
- interrupt-driven system
- inventory-management system
- involute tooth system
- IR fault-signal system
- IR system
- ISO system of limits and tolerances
- isolated word recognition system
- jig boring measuring system
- job shop-type flexible system
- joint-actuation system
- just-in-time production system
- kanban pull system
- kinetic control system
- kitting system
- knowledge base management system
- knowledge system
- knowledge-based information system
- knowledge-based system
- krypton laser system
- labeling system
- labor-intensive system
- language-based NC system
- laser beam orientation system
- laser beam positioning system
- laser calibration system
- laser combination energy system
- laser digitizing system
- laser driving system
- laser full automated system
- laser inspection system
- laser interferometer measuring system
- laser machining system
- laser metalworking system
- laser micrometer system
- laser monitoring system
- laser mount system
- laser optical transformation system
- laser pulse power system
- laser pump system
- laser referencing system
- laser thread measurement system
- laser transducer system
- laser-cutting system
- laser-gaging system
- layered control system
- LDDM system
- lead screw drive system
- learning system
- library reference system
- library system
- light guide system
- light recognition system
- line motion control system
- line motion system
- line path system
- linear index system
- linear system of constant coefficients
- linear time invariant system
- linear time-varying system
- linear-encoder-equipped system
- LMFC system
- load/unload system
- loading robot system
- load-monitoring system
- local communications system
- logistics system
- look-up table system
- low-loss optical system
- low-volume lubricant delivery system
- lube system
- lubrication system with continuous delivery
- lubrication system with cyclic delivery
- lubrication system with performance control
- lubrication system without performance control
- lubrication system
- M system
- machine control system
- machine coordinate system
- machine health-monitoring system
- machine management system
- machine surveillance system
- machine tool capability-conditioning system
- machine tool system
- machine vision system
- machine/control system
- machine/tool/workpiece system
- machine-flexible system
- machine-zero reference system
- machining-cell system
- magnetic control system
- magnetic shaft suspension system
- main control system
- maintenance tracking system
- make-up system
- management control system
- management information system
- management system
- management-and-manufacturing system
- managerial reporting system
- man-computer system
- man-machine system
- man-plus-machine system
- manual data input system
- manual programming system
- manufacturing execution system
- manufacturing optimization system
- manufacturing software system
- manufacturing system
- many-degrees-of-freedom system
- many-variable system
- mass-elastic system
- master manufacturing control system
- master-slave control system
- material flow system
- material movement system
- material storage system
- materials-handling control system
- materials-handling system
- matrix array system
- matrix-type system
- MDI contouring control system
- MDI control system
- MDI NC system
- mean line system
- measurement/inspection system
- measuring coordinate system
- measuring system
- measuring/compensation system
- mechanical interface coordinate system
- memory NC system
- memory system
- menu drive system
- menu system
- menu-driven programming system
- metalforming production system with robots
- metalworking laser system
- metamorphic system
- metareasoning system
- metering system
- metrology system
- MIC system
- micro CAD/CAM programming system
- microadjustment system
- microchip-managed control system
- microdispensing system
- microintegrated system
- microload system
- micropackaged distributed system
- microprocessor based system
- microprocessor CNC system
- microprocessor system
- microprocessor-development system
- microstep control system
- microwave drill detection system
- milling CAM system
- milling system
- minicomputer-based numerical control system
- minicomputer-based system
- minicomputer-based test system
- miniload automated storage and retrieval system
- miniload system
- minimal constraint system
- minimum phase shift system
- mist-cooling system
- mixed forging-machining system
- mobility system
- model reference adaptive system
- moderately sized manufacturing system
- modular clamping system
- modular component tooling system
- modular fixture system
- modular holding system
- modular system
- modular tooling system
- modular work holding system
- monitoring system
- monorail material handling system
- motor position sensing system
- mounting system
- MPM system
- MRC system
- MRP system
- MS-DOS system
- multiaxis laser system
- multimachine system
- multimedia system
- multinetwork system
- multipallet system
- multiple computer system
- multiple laser technology system
- multiple pallet changer system
- multiple pallet handling system
- multiple parts feeding system
- multiple sensory system
- multiple spindle head handling-and-changing system
- multiple system of indexing
- multiple-gun spraying system
- multipoint lubrication system
- multipoint network control system
- multiprocessing system
- multiprocessor NC system
- multiprocessor system
- multiproduct manufacturing system
- multiprofile tool system
- multiprogramming system
- multirobot system
- multisensor system
- multiserver queueing system
- multistage system
- multitasking control system
- multiterminal system
- multiuser system
- multivendor information system
- multiwindowing software system
- Nagare system
- narrowly defined expert system
- national information system
- navigation system
- NC contouring system
- NC machine system
- NC part-programming system
- NC system
- NC tooling system
- NC/TP system
- nesting system
- network computer system
- network switching system
- network system
- noise diagnostic system
- noncircular copy-turning system
- noncompensated system
- noncontact laser marking system
- noncontact microwave system
- nonexpert system
- non-NC system
- numerical computer control system
- numerical contour control system
- numerical control system
- numerically controlled tool point system
- object-oriented system
- office system
- office-based programming system
- off-line adviser-type expert system
- off-line programming system
- off-line system
- off-the-shelf system
- oil mist system
- oil scavenge system
- oil system
- oil wash system
- oil-recirculating system
- oligarchical manufacturing system
- OLP system
- one man/one machine system
- one man-one operation-one job system
- one-machine flexible system
- one-piece tape spar-measuring system
- one-shot lubrication system
- on-line information system
- on-line process system
- on-line retrieval system
- on-line system
- on-line tool control system
- on-machine gaging system
- on-machine probing system
- on-off control system
- open architecture system
- open cooling system
- open system
- open-front system
- open-loop control system
- operating system
- operational system
- operator guidance system
- operator-controlled NC system
- optical detection system
- optical laser ranging system
- optical MAP system
- optical measurement/inspection system
- optical recognition system
- optical system for laser processing
- optical tracer backup system
- optical transmission system
- opti-feed system
- optimal-position control system
- order-driven system
- order-entry system
- order-picking system
- oscillating system
- oscillatory system
- out-feed system
- output collecting system
- overall system
- p.-t.-p. NC system
- package confinement system
- paging system
- pallet conveyor system
- pallet gripper system
- pallet ID system
- pallet storage system
- pallet storage/changer system
- pallet/platen transfer system
- pallet/robot flexible-machining system
- pallet-based materials handling system
- pallet-based system
- pallet-changer system
- pallet-coding system
- pallet-handling system
- palletized tool magazine system
- pallet-loading system
- pallet-moving system
- pallet-shuttle change system
- pallet-transfer system
- pallet-transport system
- paperless NC system
- parallel force system
- parallel lubrication system
- parametric CNC system
- part flow system
- part handling-and-storage system
- part program-editing system
- part queue system
- part-conveying system
- partial laser system
- part-programming system
- part-retrieval system
- passively mode-locked laser system
- path control system of a machine
- path control system
- pattern recognition system
- pattern tracing system
- pattern-directed system
- PC system
- PC-based CAD system
- PC-based vision system
- pendant-mounted CNC system
- perceptual system
- permanent electro system
- personal computer-based robotic vision system
- phase switching control system
- photogrammetric vision system
- photooptic tracing system
- photooptical tracing system
- piece rate system
- plane system of forces
- planner-oriented system
- plant-integration system
- platen system
- platform-independent CAM system
- playback system
- plugboard control system
- plugboard programming system
- point-to-point system
- popular laser system
- position control system
- positioning control system
- postprocess inspection system
- postprocess system
- postprocess-feedback gaging system
- potentiometer-setting system
- power generating system
- power system
- powered clamping system
- powered track system
- powerful robot system
- precision positioning system
- predictive machinability system
- predictive maintenance system
- pre-emptive system
- pregaging system
- preload system
- preset tooling system
- presetting system
- prismatic flexible manufacturing system
- prismatic machining system
- probe communication system
- problem-oriented information system
- process planning system
- process-flexible system
- production control system
- production expert system
- production-monitoring system
- productions system
- product-testing system
- programmable automation system
- programmable control system
- programmable logic control system
- programmable power monitoring system
- programmed sequence control system
- programming system
- proof-of-concept system
- proprietary NC system
- propulsion system
- propulsive system
- protection system
- prototype system
- prototyping system
- pull system of production
- pull system
- punch tape NC system
- purpose-made materials feeding system
- push system
- qualitative system
- quality control system
- quality system
- quantity produced systems
- question-and-answer system
- question-answering system
- queuing system
- quick-change system
- quick-change workpiece-fixturing system
- quick-change-cutter system
- rack system
- rack-picking system
- rail-borne robotic handling system
- rail-guided transport system
- random mission system
- random mix system
- random order system
- ranging system
- readout system
- ready-to-go system
- real-time vision system
- recirculation system
- rectangular coordinate system
- rectangular triordinate system
- reeving system
- reference retrieval system
- reference system
- reflecting high-power beam optical system
- register system
- registration system
- relay ladder logic system
- reporting system
- reprographic system
- resolver system
- restraint system
- RETIC system
- retrieval system
- retrofit system
- return spring system
- RGV pallet delivery system
- rigid track workpiece transport system
- rigid transfer system
- robot control system
- robot gantry storage-and-retrieval system
- robot learning system
- robot parts-handling system
- robot system
- robot teaching system
- robot tool changing system
- robot-based turning system
- robotic system
- robotic vision system
- robotics CAD system
- robotized metalforming system
- robot-like inspection system
- robot-measuring system
- rod memory system
- roller system
- roll-generating system
- rotary transfer system
- rotary-type tool-mounting system
- rotational system
- routing-flexible system
- rule-based expert system
- running fail-safe system
- running system
- run-time system
- safety actuation system
- safety system
- scale back system
- seam tracking laser processing system
- seam-tracking system
- security system
- selective assembly system
- selective control system
- self-adapting system
- self-contained starting system
- self-contained system
- self-monitoring measuring system
- self-optimizing adaptive control system
- self-programming NC system
- self-teaching system
- self-test system
- sensing system
- sensor system
- sensor-based system
- sensory control system
- sensory feedback system
- sensory interactive system
- sensory-processing system
- sentence recognition system
- sequencing control system
- sequential control system
- series lubrication system
- service system
- servo control system
- servo drive system
- servo positioning system
- servo transducer system
- servo-controlled blade-feed-pressure system
- setting system
- SFP system
- shaft system
- shared tools system
- shopfloor communication message system
- shopfloor part-programming system
- shopfloor programming system
- shopfloor-programming control system
- short-closed oil system
- shuttle car system
- shuttle system
- shuttle-type container system
- side-loading pallet system
- sign system
- signature-analysis system
- silhouetting system
- single system
- single-board computer system
- single-cell system
- single-line lubrication system
- single-point lubrication system
- single-stage system
- single-tube system
- single-unit machining system
- single-variable system
- sinking system
- six-station pallet system
- size-monitoring system
- skidless system
- skid-type system
- small knowledge system
- small scale system
- small-batch manufacturing system
- sociotechnical system
- software-based system
- software-operating system
- solid model CAD system
- solid modeling system
- solids-based system
- sonic digitizing system
- space-monitoring sensor system
- special-purpose CNC system
- special-purpose material handling system
- speech-understanding system
- spindle airblast system
- spindle-probe system
- splash lubrication system
- split-type of tooling system
- spray lubrication system
- sprocket-chain system
- stabilization system
- stabilizing system
- stacking system
- stand-alone system
- standard control system
- standard unit system
- starting system
- statistical process control system
- steady-state system
- stepping motor drive system
- stocker system
- stocking system
- stop-bolt locking system
- storage system
- storage-and-retrieval system
- storage-retrieval system
- straight cut control system
- straight-line control system
- stress calculations infinite element system
- structurally stable system
- structurally unstable system
- stub-tooth system
- subloop system
- supervision system
- supervisory computer control system
- supervisory control system
- surface-measurement system
- surveillance system
- suspension system
- swarf conveyance system
- swarf-management system
- swarf-removal system
- switching system
- synthetic vision system
- system of dimensioning
- system of forces
- system of limits and fits
- system of quantities
- system of the machine retaining devices
- system of units
- tactile sensing system
- tailored NC system
- tailor-made system
- tape-oriented system
- target system
- teach system
- teachable-logic control system
- teaching system
- teach-mode programming system
- technology-intensive system
- telecommunication system
- telemetry gage system
- telemetry system
- teleoperated system
- telepresence system
- telerobotic system
- ten-station pallet system
- term system
- test system
- testing system
- text organizing system
- thermal control system
- thermal enclosure system
- thermal propulsion system
- thread measurement system
- thread measuring system
- three-dimensional CAM system
- three-dimensional coordinate system
- three-wire thread measuring system
- through feed system
- through-the-tool system
- time control system
- time cycle system
- time-shared system
- time-sharing NC programming system
- time-sharing system
- tool animation system
- tool breakage prevention system
- tool change system
- tool condition monitoring system
- tool coolant system
- tool deflection calibration system
- tool identification tag system
- tool life control system
- tool life management system
- tool magazine exchanger system
- tool management system
- tool position-compensating system
- tool shank cleaning system
- tool storage and transport system
- tool storage/management system
- tool-associated system
- tool-clamp system
- tool-holder-work system
- tool-ID system
- tooling AGV system
- tooling system
- tool-in-hand system
- tool-in-use system
- tool-machine system
- tool-monitoring system
- tool-mounting system
- tool-presetting system
- tool-probing system
- tool-to-turret connection system
- tool-transfer system
- torque-monitoring system
- total system
- total-loss lubrication system
- touch-probe digitizer system
- touch-probe digitizing system
- touch-probe system
- towline cart system
- towline conveyor system
- towline handling system
- towline material handling system
- towline transfer system
- tracer control system
- tracing system
- track system
- tracking/scheduling system
- track-monitoring system
- transfer system
- translating system
- transmission system
- transporter system
- traverse-metering system
- tray-type transfer system
- triangulation system
- tribomechanical system
- tri-level stocker system
- triordinate system
- trolley control system
- trouble-free control system
- T-slot system
- tuned system
- turning system
- turning-and-chucking system
- turnkey computer control system
- turnkey system
- turret probing system
- turret tooling system
- two-line lubrication system
- two-machine system
- two-pallet exchange system
- two-shift system
- two-tier inspection system
- unattended machining system
- unattended production system
- uncertain system
- unified system
- unit bore system
- unit system
- unit-build system
- unit-load automated storage and retrieval system
- unit-load system
- UNIX-based 32-bit computer system
- unmonitored control system
- unstable system
- user identification system
- user's CAD system
- V coding system
- vacuum system
- variable pallet system
- variable-coefficient system
- variable-gain ACC system
- variable-mission system
- versatile data acquisition system
- vertical carousel system
- vertical rotating warehouse system
- vibration system
- vibratory system
- video measuring system
- video-based measurement system
- viewing system
- virtual design system
- virtual storage system
- vision guidance system
- vision metrology system
- vision optical system
- vision sensor system
- vision system
- vision tool-presetting system
- vision-based inspection system
- vision-based system
- visual computing system
- visual inspection system
- VME-based system
- voice data entry system
- voice system
- voice-input system
- volume-flexible system
- volume-metric lubrication system
- voluntary standards system
- warehousing system
- warning protection system
- warning system
- wash system
- waste material treatment system
- watchdog system
- waterjet system
- way-lubrication system
- wedge-locked tool clamping system
- wheelhead-measuring system
- windowing system
- wire-cut system
- wire-frame CAD system
- wire-guided transport system
- wire-guided trolley routing system
- word recognition system
- work infeed system
- work transfer system
- work transport system
- workhandling system
- work-holding system
- workpiece-cleaning system
- workstation-oriented CNC system
- zero error position system

English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > system
12 push the envelope

•• * Выражение to push the envelope я слышал от американцев бесчисленное число раз – разумеется, в странном их произношении, где первый слог – как в слове uncle. Его этимология – авиационная. Источники указывают, что оно стало популярным после известного фильма по книге Тома Вульфа об американской космической программе The Right Stuff (в нашем прокате – «Парни что надо»). Один из словарей считает это выражение a corruption of the U.S. test pilots’ term for stretching the aerodynamic ‘envelope’ as they passed through Mach 1 and beyond. Corruption в данном случае – «искажение», хотя скорее мы имеем дело с дальнейшим развитием этого с самого начала метафорического выражения. Envelope в специфически авиационном значении, согласно другому источнику, refers to a plane’s performance capabilities. The limits of the plane’s ability to fly at speeds and altitudes and under certain stresses define what is known as its performance envelope. It’s an «envelope» in the sense that it contains the ranges of the plane’s abilities. Интересно русское соответствие этого термина, обнаруженное в интервью испытателя космических систем жизнеобеспечения Е. Кирюшина («Новая газета»): «Не один десяток раз выживал. Ради того, чтобы космонавты были живы потом, я должен был раздвигать так называемые рамки полетного режима. Мое дело – создавать коридор запаса для космонавта».

•• Наибольший интерес представляет употребление этого фразеологизма в контекстах, не имеющих к авиации никакого отношения. Перевод здесь может потребовать некоторой изобретательности. Вот пример из газеты Wall Street Journal:
•• Ads <...> seem to be pushing the envelope of taste every day – Похоже, в рекламе границы пристойного просто перестают существовать/Реклама постоянно нарушает границы хорошего вкуса, еще вчера казавшиеся незыблемыми.
•• Следующий пример из Washington Post:
•• Powell has been methodically pushing the envelope of the administration’s new willingness to publicly criticize Russia. – Госсекретарь, так сказать, «раздвигает границы возможного в критике России».
•• По-моему, вполне подходящим вариантом перевода было бы:
•• Пауэлл идет все дальше в критике России, которую в последнее время стала позволять себе администрация.
•• Можно и повычурнее (журналисты это любят):
•• <...> методично повышает градус критики в адрес России.
•• Наконец, пример из интервью Джона Апдайка, где pushing the envelope развивается и обыгрывается:
•• Once television began to steal away that middle-class audience, the movies seemed to get frantic: “What can we do that the TV can’t?” And so you’ve got spectacle on the one hand, and a constant pushing of the sexual envelope on the other – По мере того как средний класс все больше отдавал предпочтение телевидению, кино лихорадочно искало ответ на вопрос: «В чем мы можем перещеголять телевидение?». И ответ был найден: с одной стороны, зрелищность, с другой – постоянное расширение границ допустимого в показе секса.
•• Глагол to push в этом значении встречается также в словосочетании (вошедшем в словари) to push one’s luck: The Chancellor deserved his luck on the economy. On the public finances, he is pushing it. (Economist) Типичная для этого журнала отшлифованная, на грани афоризма фраза. В переводе трудно сохранить ту же лаконичность: Успех министра финансов в сфере экономики был заслуженным, хотя в чем-то ему просто повезло. Но в сфере государственных финансов он явно искушает судьбу. Видимо, можно говорить о самостоятельном значении глагола to push (to test the limits of something – испытывать или раздвигать пределы чего-либо).

English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > push the envelope
13 modular data center
1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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[Интент]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

[ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

[ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?

If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.

Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.

Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
Мы все подвергаем сомнению

In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
Серийное производство дата центров

In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД

And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

Scalable
Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
Rapid deployment
De-mountable
Reduce TTM
Reduced construction
Sustainable measures

Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

Расширяемость;
Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
Быстрота развертывания;
Возможность демонтажа;
Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
Сокращение сроков строительства;
Экологичность;

Map applications to DC Class

We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.

Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

Тематики
- ЦОДы (центры обработки данных)
Синонимы
- модульный ЦОД
EN
- modular data center
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center
14 set

set
1. present participle - setting; verb
1) (to put or place: She set the tray down on the table.) poner, colocar

2) (to put plates, knives, forks etc on (a table) for a meal: Please would you set the table for me?) poner

3) (to settle or arrange (a date, limit, price etc): It's difficult to set a price on a book when you don't know its value.) poner, fijar, acordar

4) (to give a person (a task etc) to do: The witch set the prince three tasks; The teacher set a test for her pupils; He should set the others a good example.) mandar

5) (to cause to start doing something: His behaviour set people talking.) provocar

6) ((of the sun etc) to disappear below the horizon: It gets cooler when the sun sets.) ponerse

7) (to become firm or solid: Has the concrete set?) endurecer, cuajar

8) (to adjust (eg a clock or its alarm) so that it is ready to perform its function: He set the alarm for 7.00 a.m.) poner

9) (to arrange (hair) in waves or curls.) marcar

10) (to fix in the surface of something, eg jewels in a ring.) montar, engastar

11) (to put (broken bones) into the correct position for healing: They set his broken arm.) componer, encajar

2. adjective
1) (fixed or arranged previously: There is a set procedure for doing this.) fijo, determinado, establecido

2) ((often with on) ready, intending or determined (to do something): He is set on going.) listo, preparado

3) (deliberate: He had the set intention of hurting her.) deliberado

4) (stiff; fixed: He had a set smile on his face.) fijo

5) (not changing or developing: set ideas.) fijo

6) ((with with) having something set in it: a gold ring set with diamonds.) engastado

3. noun
1) (a group of things used or belonging together: a set of carving tools; a complete set of (the novels of) Jane Austen.) juego, colección, equipo

2) (an apparatus for receiving radio or television signals: a television/radio set.) aparato

3) (a group of people: the musical set.) grupo, pandilla

4) (the process of setting hair: a shampoo and set.) marcado

5) (scenery for a play or film: There was a very impressive set in the final act.) decorado

6) (a group of six or more games in tennis: She won the first set and lost the next two.) set

•

- setting
- setback
- set phrase
- set-square
- setting-lotion
- set-to
- set-up
- all set
- set about
- set someone against someone
- set against someone
- set someone against
- set against
- set aside
- set back
- set down
- set in
- set off
- set something or someone on someone
- set on someone
- set something or someone on
- set on
- set out
- set to
- set up
- set up camp
- set up house
- set up shop
- set upon

set¹ n

1. juego / colección

a tea set un juego de té

2. aparato

a television set un televisor

3. decorado / plató

the actors were good and the set was wonderful los actores eran buenos y el decorado era fantástico

4. set

game, set and match juego, set y partido

set² vb

1. poner

the English teacher set us a composition el profesor de inglés nos puso una redacción

have you set the alarm clock? ¿has puesto el despertador?

2. fijar / establecer

they've set a date for their wedding han fijado la fecha de la boda

3. ponerse

the sun was setting se ponía el sol

to set an example dar ejemplo

to set fire to something prender fuego a algo

to set someone free dejar a alguien en libertad

to set the table poner la mesa

El pasado y participio pasado de set es set; el gerundio se escribe setting

set sustantivo masculino (pl
◊ sets) set

set m Ten set ' set' also found in these entries: Spanish: acondicionar - ajedrez - ambientar - aparato - azuzar - camino - cartabón - componer - conjunta - conjunto - constituir - constituirse - dar - decorado - decorador - decoradora - dentadura - destinar - determinar - disponer - ejemplo - empeño - emprender - enfrentar - engarzar - equipo - erigirse - escala - escenografía - escuadra - establecer - examen - fijar - fijarse - fraguar - frase - granada - granado - grifería - grupo - hecha - hecho - hombro - hundida - hundido - incendiar - indisponer - inflamar - instalar - jet English: adventure - ascetic - backing - barricade - beset - cassette - cat - dead - deep-set - example - film set - fire - foundation - fund - gather in - goblet - heart - intentionally - jet-set - journey - light - loose - nationalist - odds - pace - paper - pattern - preset - radio set - radiocassette - reset - rest - sail - scene - set - set about - set against - set apart - set aside - set back - set book - set down - set in - set off - set on - set out - set up - set upon - set-up - setting

set

tr[set]

noun

1 (in hairdressing) marcado

■ shampoo and set, please lavar y marcar, por favor

2 (scenery) decorado; (place of filming) plató nombre masculino

■ all actors must be on the set at 9.00 am todos los actores deben estar en el plató a las 9.00

3 (position, posture) postura, posición nombre femenino

adjective

1 (placed) situado,-a

■ a village set on a hill un pueblo situado sobre una colina

■ the cottage is set in beautiful countryside la casita está enclavada en un paisaje precioso

2 (fixed, arranged) fijo,-a, determinado,-a, establecido,-a

■ we've got set hours of work tenemos un horario fijo de trabajo

■ meals are served at set times se sirven las comidas a horas determinadas

■ my day never follows a set pattern no tengo ninguna rutina establecida durante el día

3 (rigid, stiff) rígido,-a, forzado,-a; (opinion) inflexible; (idea) fijo,-a

4 SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL (book) prescrito,-a

5 (ready, prepared) listo,-a (for/to, para), preparado,-a (for/to, para); (likely) probable

■ is everyone set to go? ¿todos estáis listos para salir?

■ the Socialists seem set to win again parece que los socialistas volverán a ganar

transitive verb (pt & pp set)

1 (put, place) poner, colocar

■ she set the divorce papers (down) before him le puso los papeles de divorcio delante

2 (prepare - trap) tender, preparar; (- table) poner; (- camera, video) preparar; (- clock, watch, oven, etc) poner

■ set the table for dinner pon la mesa para la cena

■ I've set the alarm clock for 6.00 am he puesto el despertador a las 6.00

3 (date, time) fijar, señalar, acordar; (example) dar; (rule, record, limit) establecer; (precedent) sentar; (fashion) imponer, dictar

■ have you set a date for the wedding? ¿has fijado una fecha para la boda?

■ you should set a good example deberías dar buen ejemplo

4 (price) fijar; (value) poner

■ he sets a minimum price on his services fija un precio mínimo para sus servicios

■ high values are set on safety se valora mucho la seguridad

5 (jewel, stone) montar, engastar

6 (text for printing) componer

7 SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL (broken bone) componer; (joint) encajar

8 (exam, test, problem) poner; (homework) mandar, poner; (task) asignar; (text) prescribir; (target, aim) fijar, proponer

■ the teacher set them some difficult questions in the exam el profesor les puso unas preguntas difíciles en el examen

9 (story, action) ambientar

■ the novel is set in Madrid la novela está ambientada en Madrid

■ the action is set in 1930s Spain la acción se desarrolla en la España de los años treinta

10 (provoke, start off) poner, hacer

■ you've set me thinking me has hecho pensar

■ this will certainly set tongues wagging esto sí que dará que hablar

11 (provide music for) arreglar, poner música a

12 (hair) marcar

13 (make firm - jelly) cuajar; (- cement) hacer fraguar; (- teeth) apretar

intransitive verb

1 (sun, moon) ponerse

2 (liquid, jelly) cuajar, cuajarse; (cement) fraguarse, endurecerse; (glue) endurecerse; (bone) soldarse

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be all set estar listo,-a, estar preparado,-a

to be dead set against something oponerse rotundamente a algo

to be set in one's ways tener unas costumbres muy arraigadas, ser reacio,-a al cambio

to be set on doing something estar empeñado,-a en hacer algo, estar resuelto,-a a hacer algo

to set fire to something prender fuego a algo

to set free poner en libertad, liberar

to set one's heart on something querer algo más que nada

to set somebody's mind at rest tranquilizar a alguien

to set the ball rolling / to set things in motion poner las cosas en marcha

to set the pace marcar el paso

to set the tone marcar las pautas

set lunch menú nombre masculino del día

set phrase frase nombre femenino hecha

set square cartabón nombre masculino, escuadra

————————

set

tr[set]

noun

1 (of golf clubs, brushes, tools, etc) juego; (books, poems) colección nombre femenino; (of turbines) equipo, grupo; (of stamps) serie nombre femenino

■ chess set juego de ajedrez

■ set of cutlery cubertería

■ set of dishes vajilla

■ set of saucepans batería de cocina

■ set of teeth dentadura

■ tea set juego de té

■ a boxed set un juego en estuche

2 SMALLELECTRICITY/SMALL (apparatus) aparato

■ they bought a TV set compraron un televisor

■ a wireless set una radio

3 SMALLMATHEMATICS/SMALL conjunto

4 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (tennis) set nombre masculino

5 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL (performance) actuación nombre femenino

■ the set included several new songs la actuación incluía varias canciones nuevas

■ the band played a short set la banda tocó pocos temas

6 (of people) grupo; (clique) pandilla, camarilla

7 (of pupils) grupo

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to make a dead set at (attack) emprenderla con 2 (seduce) proponerse ligar con

set ['sɛt] v, set ; setting vt

1) seat: sentar

2) or set down place: poner, colocar

3) arrange: fijar, establecer

to set the date: poner la fecha

he set the agenda: estableció la agenda

4) adjust: poner (un reloj, etc.)

5) (indicating the causing of a certain condition)

to set fire to: prenderle fuego a

she set it free: lo soltó

6) make, start: poner, hacer

I set them working: los puse a trabajar

set vi

1) solidify: fraguar (dícese del cemento, etc.), cuajar (dícese de la gelatina, etc.)

2) : ponerse (dícese del sol o de la luna)

set adj

1) established, fixed: fijo, establecido

2) rigid: inflexible

to be set in one's ways: tener costumbres muy arraigadas

3) ready: listo, preparado

set n

1) collection: juego m

a set of dishes: un juego de platos, una vajilla

a tool set: una caja de herramientas

2) or stage set : decorado m (en el teatro), plató m (en el cine)

3) apparatus: aparato m

a television set: un televisor

4) : conjunto m (en matemáticas)

set

adj.

• fijo, -a adj.

• puesto, -a adj.

• resuelto, -a adj.

• rígido, -a adj.

n.

• conjunto (Matemática) s.m.

• equipo s.m.

• grupo s.m.

• juego s.m.

• muestra s.f.

• partida s.f.

• serie s.m.

• servicio de mesa s.m.

pret., p.p.

(Preterito definido y participio pasivo de "to set")

v.

(§ p.,p.p.: set) = encasar v.

• engastar v.

• poner v.

(§pres: pongo, pones...) pret: pus-

pp: puesto

fut/c: pondr-•)

set
I

noun

1)

a) (of tools, golf clubs, bowls, pens, keys) juego m; (of books, records) colección f; ( of stamps) serie f

a set of cutlery — un juego de cubiertos, una cubertería

a set of saucepans — una batería de cocina

a matching set of sheets and pillowcases — un juego de cama

a set of dentures — una dentadura postiza

a boxed set — un juego en estuche

b) ( Math) conjunto m

2) (+ sing o pl vb) (BrE Educ) grupo de estudiantes seleccionados de acuerdo a sus aptitudes

3) (TV) aparato m, televisor m; ( Rad) aparato m, receptor m

4) (in tennis, squash) set m; (before n)

set point — bola f de set, punto m para set (Méx), set point m (CS)

5)

a) ( Theat) ( stage) escenario m; ( scenery) decorado m

b) ( Cin) plató m

6) ( in hairdressing) marcado m

shampoo and set — lavado m y marcado

II

adjective

1) (established, prescribed) <wage/price> fijo

meals are at set times — las comidas son a determinadas horas

there are no set times for visiting — no hay horas de visita establecidas

set book — ( Educ) obra f prescrita or del programa

a set phrase — una frase hecha

we ordered the set menu — (BrE) pedimos el menú del día

2) (pred)

a) (ready, prepared)

to be set — estar* listo, estar* pronto (RPl)

is everything set for the meeting? — ¿está todo preparado or listo or (RPl) pronto para la reunión?

all set (to go)? — ¿listos?

b) (likely, about to) (journ)

to be set to + inf — llevar camino de + inf

c) (determined, resolute)

he was all set to walk out — estaba totalmente decidido or resuelto a irse

she's absolutely set on that bicycle — está empeñada en que tiene que ser esa bicicleta

he's dead set on going to college — está resuelto or decidido a ir a la universidad sea como sea

3)

a) (rigid, inflexible)

to be set in one's ways — tener* costumbres muy arraigadas

b) ( solid) <yoghurt/custard/jelly> cuajado

III
1.

(pres p setting; past & past p set) transitive verb

1) (put, place) poner*, colocar*

he set a pitcher of cider before us — nos puso una jarra de sidra delante

2)

a) (cause to be, become)

to set somebody free — poner* en libertad or liberar a alguien

to set somebody loose — soltar* a alguien

to set fire to something, to set something on fire — prenderle fuego a algo

b) (make solid, rigid) \<\<jelly/cheese\>\> cuajar; \<\<cement\>\> hacer* fraguar

3)

a) ( prepare) \<\<trap\>\> tender*; \<\<table\>\> poner*

set three places for dinner — pon cubiertos para tres para la cena

b) ( Med) \<\<bone\>\> encajar, componer* (AmL)

c) \<\<hair\>\> marcar*

d) ( Print) \<\<type\>\> componer*

4) ( adjust) \<\<oven/alarm clock/watch\>\> poner*

5)

a) (arrange, agree on) \<\<date/time\>\> fijar, acordar*; \<\<agenda\>\> establecer*, acordar*

b) (impose, prescribe) \<\<target\>\> establecer*

c) ( allot) \<\<task\>\> asignar; \<\<homework\>\> mandar, poner*; \<\<exam/test/problem\>\> poner*; \<\<text\>\> prescribir*

d) ( establish) \<\<precedent\>\> sentar*; \<\<record/standard\>\> establecer*; \<\<fashion\>\> dictar, imponer*

to set a good example — dar* buen ejemplo

e) (fix, assign) \<\<price/bail\>\> fijar

6) (cause to do, start)

she set them to work in the garden — los puso a trabajar en el jardín

the news set my pulse racing — la noticia hizo que se me disparara el pulso

to set something going — poner* algo en marcha

7) (usu pass)

a) \<\<book/film\>\> ambientar

the novel is set in Japan — la novela está ambientada en el Japón

b) ( locate) \<\<building\>\> situar*

8)

a) (mount, insert) \<\<gem\>\> engarzar*, engastar; \<\<stake\>\> hincar*, clavar

the posts are set in concrete — los postes están puestos en hormigón

the crown is set with rubies — la corona tiene incrustaciones de rubíes

b)

to set a poem to music — ponerle* música a un poema

9) (turn, direct)

we set our course for the nearest island — pusimos rumbo a la isla más cercana; sail I 1) a)

2.

vi

1) ( go down) \<\<sun/moon\>\> ponerse*

2)

a) (become solid, rigid) \<\<jelly\>\> cuajar(se); \<\<cement\>\> fraguar*

b) \<\<bone\>\> soldarse*

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- set about

- set against

- set apart

- set aside

- set back

- set by

- set down

- set forth

- set in

- set off

- set on

- set out

- set to

- set up

- set upon

[set] (vb: pt, pp set)
1. N

1) (=matching series) [of golf clubs, pens, keys] juego m ; [of books, works] colección f ; [of tools] equipo m, estuche m ; [of gears] tren m ; [of stamps] serie f ; (Math) conjunto m

• the sofa and chairs are only sold as a set — el sofá y los sillones no se venden por separado

• a chess set — un ajedrez

• I need one more to make up the complete set — me falta uno para completar la serie

a complete set of Jane Austen's novels — una colección completa de las novelas de Jane Austen

• a set of crockery — una vajilla

• a set of cutlery — una cubertería

• they are sold in sets — se venden en juegos completos

• a set of kitchen utensils — una batería de cocina

• it makes a set with those over there — hace juego con los que ves allá

• set of teeth — dentadura f

• a train set — un tren eléctrico

2) (Tennis) set m

she was leading 5-1 in the first set — iba ganando 5 a 1 en el primer set

3) (Elec) aparato m ; (Rad) aparato m de radio; (TV) televisor m, televisión f

4) (Theat) decorado m ; (Cine) plató m

to be on the set — estar en plató

5) (Hairdressing)

to have a shampoo and set — hacerse lavar y marcar el pelo

6) esp pej (=group) grupo m, pandilla f ; (=clique) camarilla f

we're not in their set — no formamos parte de su grupo

they're a set of thieves — son unos ladrones

they form a set by themselves — forman un grupo aparte

• the fast set — la gente de vida airada

• the literary set — los literatos, la gente literaria

• the smart set — el mundo elegante, los elegantes
jet II, 4.
7) (Brit) (Scol) clase f

the mathematics set — la clase de matemáticas

8)

- make a dead set at sb

9) (=disposition) [of tide, wind] dirección f ; [of fabric] caída f ; [of dress] corte m, ajuste m ; [of head] porte m, manera f de llevar; [of saw] triscamiento m ; mind-set

10) (Hort) planta f de transplantar

onion sets — cebollitas fpl de transplantar

2. ADJ

1) (=fixed) [price, purpose] fijo; [smile] forzado; [opinions] inflexible, rígido; [talk] preparado de antemano; [expression] hecho; [date, time] señalado; (Scol) [books, subjects] obligatorio; [task] asignado

to be set in one's ways/opinions — tener costumbres/opiniones profundamente arraigadas

• set books — (Scol, Univ) lecturas mpl obligatorias

• with no set limits — sin límites determinados

• set menu — menú m, comida f corrida (Mex)

• a set phrase — una frase hecha

• set piece — (Art) grupo m ; (=fireworks) cuadro m ; (Literat etc) escena f importante; (Sport) jugada f ensayada, jugada f de pizarra

• he gave us a set speech — pronunció un discurso preparado de antemano

he has a set speech for these occasions — para estas ocasiones tiene un discurso estereotipado

• at a set time — a una hora señalada

there is no set time for it — para eso no hay hora fija

• there's no set way to do it — no hay una forma establecida or determinada de hacerlo

2) (=determined) resuelto, decidido

• to be (dead) set against (doing) sth — estar (completamente) opuesto a (hacer) algo

• to be set in one's purpose — tener un propósito firme, mantenerse firme en su propósito

• to be (dead) set on (doing) sth — estar (completamente) decidido a or empeñado en (hacer) algo

since you are so set on it — puesto que te empeñas en ello, puesto que estás decidido a hacerlo

3) (=ready) listo

• to be all set to do sth — estar listo para hacer algo

to be all set for — estar listo para

all set? — ¿(estás) listo?

• the scene was set for... — (fig) todo estaba listo para...

4) (Culin)

the fruit is set — el fruto está formado

the jelly is set — la gelatina está cuajada

5) (=disposed)

the tide is set in our favour — la marea fluye para llevarnos adelante; (fig) la tendencia actual nos favorece, llevamos el viento en popa

the wind is set strong from the north — el viento sopla recio del norte

3. VT

1) (=place, put) poner

set the chairs by the window — pon las sillas junto a la ventana

she set the dish before me — puso el plato delante de mí

to set a plan before a committee — exponer un plan ante una comisión

• the film/ scene is set in Rome — la película/escena se desarrolla or está ambientada en Roma

• to set fire to sth, set sth on fire — prender fuego a algo

• a novel set in Madrid — una novela ambientada en Madrid

• to set places for 14 — poner cubiertos para 14 personas

• to set a poem to music — poner música a un poema

• what value do you set on it? — ¿en cuánto lo valoras?; (fig) ¿qué valor tiene para ti?

2) (=arrange) poner, colocar; (=adjust) [+ clock] poner en hora; [+ mechanism] ajustar; [+ hair] marcar, fijar; [+ trap] armar

bricks set in mortar — ladrillos puestos en argamasa

• the alarm clock is set for seven — el despertador está puesto para las siete

I set the alarm for seven o'clock — puse el despertador a las siete

• I'll set your room — (US) voy a limpiar y arreglar su habitación

• to set the table — poner la mesa

• he sets his watch by Big Ben — pone su reloj en hora por el Big Ben; see sail 1., 1)

3) (=mount) [+ gem] engastar, montar

4) (Med) [+ broken bone] encajar, reducir

5) (Typ) [+ type] componer

6) (=fix, establish) [+ date, limit] fijar, señalar; [+ record] establecer; [+ fashion] imponer; [+ dye, colour] fijar

• to set a course for — salir rumbo a

• to set one's heart on sth — tener algo como máximo deseo

• to set limits to sth — señalar límites a algo

• the meeting is set for Tuesday — (US) la reunión se celebrará el martes

• to set a period of three months — señalar un plazo de tres meses

• to set a record of ten seconds — establecer un récord de diez segundos

the world record was set last year — el récord mundial se estableció el año pasado

• to set a time for a meeting — fijar una hora para una reunión
example
7) (=assign) [+ task] dar

to set Lorca for 2001 — poner una obra de Lorca en el programa de estudios para 2001

Cela is not set this year — este año Cela no figura en el programa

• to set an exam in French — preparar un examen de francés

• to set sb a problem — dar a algn un problema que resolver

• to set sb a task — dar a algn una tarea que hacer

8) (=cause to start)

• the noise set the dogs barking — el ruido hizo ladrar a los perros

• to set a fire — (US) provocar un incendio

• to set sth going — poner algo en marcha

• to set sb laughing — hacer reír a algn

• to set everyone talking — dar que hablar a todos

• it set me thinking — me puso a pensar

• to set sb to work — poner a algn a trabajar

9) (=cause to pursue)

• to set a dog on sb — azuzar un perro contra algn

I was set on by three dogs — me atacaron tres perros

• we set the police on to him — le denunciamos a la policía

what set the police on the trail? — ¿qué puso a la policía sobre la pista?

10) (=make solid) [+ cement] solidificar, endurecer; [+ jelly] cuajar

4. VI

1) (=go down) [sun, moon] ponerse

the sun was setting — se estaba poniendo el sol

2) (=go hard) [concrete, glue] endurecerse; (fig) [face] congelarse

3) (Med) [broken bone, limb] componerse

4) (Culin) [jelly, jam] cuajarse

5) (=begin)

to set to work — ponerse a trabajar

5.

CPD

set designer N — (Theat) director(a) m / f de arte, decorador(a) m / f

set point N — (Tennis) punto m de set

set square N — escuadra f ; (with 2 equal sides) cartabón m

- set about

- set against

- set apart

- set aside

- set back

- set by

- set down

- set forth

- set in

- set off

- set on

- set out

- set to

- set up

- set upon

* * *
[set]
I

noun

1)

a) (of tools, golf clubs, bowls, pens, keys) juego m; (of books, records) colección f; ( of stamps) serie f

a set of cutlery — un juego de cubiertos, una cubertería

a set of saucepans — una batería de cocina

a matching set of sheets and pillowcases — un juego de cama

a set of dentures — una dentadura postiza

a boxed set — un juego en estuche

b) ( Math) conjunto m

2) (+ sing o pl vb) (BrE Educ) grupo de estudiantes seleccionados de acuerdo a sus aptitudes

3) (TV) aparato m, televisor m; ( Rad) aparato m, receptor m

4) (in tennis, squash) set m; (before n)

set point — bola f de set, punto m para set (Méx), set point m (CS)

5)

a) ( Theat) ( stage) escenario m; ( scenery) decorado m

b) ( Cin) plató m

6) ( in hairdressing) marcado m

shampoo and set — lavado m y marcado

II

adjective

1) (established, prescribed) <wage/price> fijo

meals are at set times — las comidas son a determinadas horas

there are no set times for visiting — no hay horas de visita establecidas

set book — ( Educ) obra f prescrita or del programa

a set phrase — una frase hecha

we ordered the set menu — (BrE) pedimos el menú del día

2) (pred)

a) (ready, prepared)

to be set — estar* listo, estar* pronto (RPl)

is everything set for the meeting? — ¿está todo preparado or listo or (RPl) pronto para la reunión?

all set (to go)? — ¿listos?

b) (likely, about to) (journ)

to be set to + inf — llevar camino de + inf

c) (determined, resolute)

he was all set to walk out — estaba totalmente decidido or resuelto a irse

she's absolutely set on that bicycle — está empeñada en que tiene que ser esa bicicleta

he's dead set on going to college — está resuelto or decidido a ir a la universidad sea como sea

3)

a) (rigid, inflexible)

to be set in one's ways — tener* costumbres muy arraigadas

b) ( solid) <yoghurt/custard/jelly> cuajado

III
1.

(pres p setting; past & past p set) transitive verb

1) (put, place) poner*, colocar*

he set a pitcher of cider before us — nos puso una jarra de sidra delante

2)

a) (cause to be, become)

to set somebody free — poner* en libertad or liberar a alguien

to set somebody loose — soltar* a alguien

to set fire to something, to set something on fire — prenderle fuego a algo

b) (make solid, rigid) \<\<jelly/cheese\>\> cuajar; \<\<cement\>\> hacer* fraguar

3)

a) ( prepare) \<\<trap\>\> tender*; \<\<table\>\> poner*

set three places for dinner — pon cubiertos para tres para la cena

b) ( Med) \<\<bone\>\> encajar, componer* (AmL)

c) \<\<hair\>\> marcar*

d) ( Print) \<\<type\>\> componer*

4) ( adjust) \<\<oven/alarm clock/watch\>\> poner*

5)

a) (arrange, agree on) \<\<date/time\>\> fijar, acordar*; \<\<agenda\>\> establecer*, acordar*

b) (impose, prescribe) \<\<target\>\> establecer*

c) ( allot) \<\<task\>\> asignar; \<\<homework\>\> mandar, poner*; \<\<exam/test/problem\>\> poner*; \<\<text\>\> prescribir*

d) ( establish) \<\<precedent\>\> sentar*; \<\<record/standard\>\> establecer*; \<\<fashion\>\> dictar, imponer*

to set a good example — dar* buen ejemplo

e) (fix, assign) \<\<price/bail\>\> fijar

6) (cause to do, start)

she set them to work in the garden — los puso a trabajar en el jardín

the news set my pulse racing — la noticia hizo que se me disparara el pulso

to set something going — poner* algo en marcha

7) (usu pass)

a) \<\<book/film\>\> ambientar

the novel is set in Japan — la novela está ambientada en el Japón

b) ( locate) \<\<building\>\> situar*

8)

a) (mount, insert) \<\<gem\>\> engarzar*, engastar; \<\<stake\>\> hincar*, clavar

the posts are set in concrete — los postes están puestos en hormigón

the crown is set with rubies — la corona tiene incrustaciones de rubíes

b)

to set a poem to music — ponerle* música a un poema

9) (turn, direct)

we set our course for the nearest island — pusimos rumbo a la isla más cercana; sail I 1) a)

2.

vi

1) ( go down) \<\<sun/moon\>\> ponerse*

2)

a) (become solid, rigid) \<\<jelly\>\> cuajar(se); \<\<cement\>\> fraguar*

b) \<\<bone\>\> soldarse*

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- set about

- set against

- set apart

- set aside

- set back

- set by

- set down

- set forth

- set in

- set off

- set on

- set out

- set to

- set up

- set upon

English-spanish dictionary > set
15 ♦ off

♦ off (1) /ɒf/
avv.

1 via; lontano; distante; a distanza; alla larga: They went off in a hurry, sono andati via in fretta; DIALOGO → - Discussing bets- Where are you off to?, dove te ne vai?; DIALOGO → - Going on holiday 1- I'm off on holiday tomorrow, domani parto per le vacanze; The road is two miles off, la strada è lontana due miglia (o è a due miglia di distanza); Keep off!, sta' alla larga!

2 (in loc. col verbo to be, è idiom.; per es.:) to be well [badly] off, essere in buone [cattive] condizioni finanziarie; The lid was off, il coperchio era venuto via (o era stato tolto); They're off, sono partiti; se ne sono andati; I must be off, devo andarmene; Their engagement is off, il fidanzamento è rotto; The deal is off, l'affare è sfumato; The trip is off, la gita non si fa più; The gas is off, il gas è spento; ( anche) hanno tolto il gas; The hot water is off, manca l'acqua calda; The meeting is off, la riunione è sospesa; The staff is off today, il personale fa vacanza oggi; (elettr.) The switch is off, l'interruttore è disinserito; The electricity is off, hanno tolto la corrente; (autom., mecc.) The clutch is off, la frizione è disinnestata

3 del tutto; per intero: to pay off a debt, pagare per intero (o saldare) un debito

4 (nei verbi frasali, è idiom.; per es.:) to come off, staccarsi, ecc.; to cut off, tagliare, staccare, ecc. (► to come, to cut, ecc.)

5 di sconto: I managed to get 50 dollars off, riuscii ad avere uno sconto di (fam.: a tirare giù) 50 dollari

6 ( Borsa, fin.) ( di titoli) in ribasso; giù, sotto (fam.): Oils are off ten points today, oggi le azioni petrolifere sono sotto di dieci punti

7 (teatr.) dietro le quinte; fuori campo: «voices off» ( didascalia); «voci fuori campo»

8 ( sport: radio, TV) ‘esce’ ( seguito dal nome del giocatore sostituito)

● far off, lontano, lungi: Christmas is not far off, il Natale non è lontano □ from far off, da lungi, di lontano □ to finish off a piece of work, finire (o portare a termine) un lavoro □ to get off to a good start, partire con il piede giusto (fig.) □ on and off (o off and on), a intervalli; in modo intermittente: It has been snowing on and off since yesterday, nevica a intervalli da ieri □ Off with you!, va' via!; vattene!; fuori dai piedi! □ My holidays are only two weeks off, mancano solo due settimane alle mie vacanze □ Let's take a day off, prendiamoci un giorno di vacanza □ DIALOGO → - Absence 1- I need some time off work, ho bisogno di prendermi un periodo di vacanza □ DIALOGO → - Asking about the family- She's still off work, non ha ancora ripreso a lavorare □ right off (o straight off), subito; immediatamente □ Off we go!, si parte! □ Off with his head!, tagliategli la testa! □ Hands off!, giù le mani! □ Hats off!, giù il cappello! □ How are you off for clean shirts?, come sei messo (o come stai) a camicie pulite?
♦ off (2) /ɒf/
prep.

1 da; lontano da; fuori di; giù da: I stepped off the bus, scesi dall'autobus; Get off my feet!, scendimi dai piedi!; non starmi sui piedi!; to get off one's horse, smontare da cavallo; The cover has come off my book, mi s'è staccata la copertina dal libro; The cottage stands off the main road, la villetta è lontana dalla strada maestra; The car is off the road, l'automobile è fuori (o è uscita di) strada

2 (naut.) all'altezza di; al largo di; a poca distanza da: The ship was off the island, la nave era al largo dell'isola; The lighthouse is just off the coast, il faro è a poca distanza dalla costa

3 in meno di; con lo sconto di; He gave me five per cent off the list price, mi ha tolto il cinque per cento dal prezzo di listino

4 di; per mezzo di; con: He lived off the fat of the land, viveva delle abbondanti risorse della terra; aveva ogni ben di Dio; to dine off a leg of mutton, pranzare con una coscia di castrato; to eat off silver plate, mangiare usando piatti d'argento

5 fuori: The ship was driven off her course, la nave è stata spinta fuori rotta; to be off duty, essere fuori servizio

6 ( anche sport) a carico di; ai danni di

7 ( sport) con un handicap di: He plays off ten, gioca con un handicap di dieci punti

● ( radio, TV) off the air, non in onda (avv.) □ ( sport) off the ball, che non ha la palla, che non è sulla palla: He was fouled off the ball, ha subito il fallo mentre non era in possesso della palla □ ( baseball: del ‘corridore’) to be off base, non essere in base; essere fuori base □ off the beaten track, ( di un luogo) isolato, fuori mano; (fig.) insolito, fuori dell'ordinario, straordinario, originale □ (mecc.) to be off centre, essere fuori centro □ to be off colour, essere del colore sbagliato; ( di persona) essere indisposto, stare poco bene; essere in giornata nera; ( USA, di barzelletta, battuta ecc.) essere un po' indecente, spinto (fig.) □ ( sport) to be off the field (o the pitch), essere fuori campo; non giocare; fare panchina □ ( sport) to be off one's game, giocare peggio del solito □ ( sport e fig.) to be off guard, non stare in guardia; scoprirsi □ to be off one's head, essere andato giù di testa; essere ammattito □ (mil. e fig.) off limits, in zona proibita; ( cartello) ‘zona invalicabile’ □ (fig. fam.) off the map, inesistente; passato; svanito □ (fig.) off the point, non pertinente; che non c'entra; a sproposito □ ( calcio, ecc.) Off the post!, palo! □ off the record, ufficiosamente; in confidenza □ (tur.) off season, fuori stagione □ (geol.) off shore, fuori costa; in ambiente neritico □ to be off target, mancare il bersaglio; ( calcio, ecc.) non andare a segno: His header was off target, il suo colpo di testa è andato a vuoto □ to be off the track, essere fuori strada ( anche fig.); ( sport) essere uscito di pista; (fig.) essere sulla pista sbagliata □ an alley off Main Street, una viuzza che si diparte dal Corso □ to get off the subject, uscire dal seminato (fig.); divagare □ to speak off the record, parlare ufficiosamente ( non in veste ufficiale).
off (3) /ɒf/
a.

1 lontano; remoto; altro: the off side of the medal, l'altro lato della medaglia

2 laterale; secondario; di secondaria importanza: in an off street, in una strada laterale; in una via secondaria

3 (spec. ingl.) destro; di destra (cfr. near /2/, def. 2): the off side of the road, il lato destro della strada; the off horse, il cavallo di destra ( d'una pariglia)

4 piccolo; esiguo; scarso; cattivo; deludente; vago: Profits are off this year, i guadagni sono esigui quest'anno; His performance was rather off, la sua recitazione è stata alquanto deludente; There's only an off chance of your being right, c'è solo una vaga possibilità che tu abbia ragione

5 ( di cibo) non fresco; passato; guasto: This fish is a bit off, questo pesce non è proprio fresco; DIALOGO → - Complaining about the food- This meat smells off to me, dall'odore direi che questa carne è andata a male

6 ( di pietanza o piatto) finito; esaurito: ( al ristorante) ‘Sorry, chicken is off’, ‘mi dipiace, ma il pollo è finito’

7 ( di persona) scortese; sgarbato; scostante

8 (elettr.) disinserito; staccato; spento: The ( electric) iron is off, il ferro (da stiro) è staccato

9 (mecc.) disinserito; disinnestato

10 (market., tur.) di stasi; morto: in the off season, nella stagione morta

● an off day, un giorno libero (o di vacanza); (fam.) una giornata nera, una giornata no: She has off and on days according to her mood, ella ha giornate sì e giornate no, secondo l'umore □ (elettr.) the off switch, l'interruttore per spegnere (per scollegare, ecc.) □ off year, (agric.) anno in cui le piante non danno frutto; anno no (fam.); (polit., USA) anno in cui si tengono elezioni ma non le presidenziali □ on the off chance that…, nel caso improbabile che…; caso mai…: on the off chance he should come, caso mai venisse
FALSI AMICI: off non significa off nel senso italiano di alternativo. off (4) /ɒf/
nei composti: ( radio, TV) off-air, (agg.) relativo alle trasmissioni; per (o dei) programmi; (avv.) quando non è in onda: Sheila is totally different off-air, Sheila è totalmente diversa quando non è in onda; ( USA) off-air reporter, cronista che lavora per la televisione, senza apparire sullo schermo; off-balance, sbilanciato; che ha perso l'equilibrio; (avv.) alla sprovvista; (fin.) off-balance sheet, fuori bilancio ( di finanziamenti, operazioni, ecc.); ( Borsa, USA) off-board, fuori borsa; off-board market, mercato terziario (o ristretto); mercatino (fam.); off-board securities, titoli non quotati (in Borsa); (econ.) off-the-books work, lavoro nero; (teatr., USA: di uno spettacolo) off-Broadway, ‘off-Broadway’, sperimentale; non commerciale ( e che costa poco); (fotogr., TV) off-camera, non inquadrato; non ripreso; off-centre, (mecc.) fuori centro, scentrato; (elettron.) eccentrico; off-colour, indisposto, malaticcio; ( USA, di barzelletta, battuta ecc.) un po' indecente, spinto (fig.); (fin.) off-cover, fuori copertura; senza garanzia; (fam.) off-the-cuff, improvvisato; ( di un discorso) fatto a braccio: to give an off-the-cuff speech, parlare a braccio; (ling.) off-glide, metastasi; an off-guard moment, un momento in cui non si sta in guardia; off-hand ► offhand; (mus. e fig.) off-key, stonato; non intonato; (farm., med.) off-label, off-label (detto di farmaco che viene assunto in circostanze non previste o non consigliate dal produttore); off-licence, (agg.) ( di negozio) autorizzato a vendere alcolici soltanto in confezioni da asporto; (sost., ingl.) negozio di vini, birra e liquori; bottiglieria; ( anche) banco di vendita ( di pub o albergo) di alcolici da consumare altrove; off-licensee, chi è in possesso di una ► «off-licence» ( sopra); off-limits, (mil.) in cui è proibito entrare; (fig.) proibito, vietato; off-line ► offline; (fin.) off-market, fuori mercato: off-market deals, operazioni fuori mercato; (spec. polit.) off-message, non allineato ( con la politica del proprio partito); (spec. farm.) off-patent, a brevetto scaduto; fuori brevetto: off-patent drugs, farmaci a brevetto scaduto; off-peak, ( di energia elettrica, gas, ecc.) erogato in ore di basso consumo; (trasp.: del traffico) non di punta, normale; (tur.) di (o in) bassa stagione: (ferr., ecc.) off-peak service, servizio normale; off-peak rate (o tariff) tariffa ordinaria ( di un trasporto o servizio); off-the-peg, ( d'abito) bell'e fatto, confezionato, di serie; (fig.) preconfezionato, standard; ( sport: sci) off-piste, fuori pista; ( di un immobile) ( bought) off plan, (acquistato) sulla carta; (market.) off-price, vendita a prezzo scontato; (tipogr.) off-print, estratto ( di giornale, ecc.); (fam.) off-putting, scostante; fastidioso; sgradevole; (fam. USA) off-the-rack = off-the-peg ► sopra; ( di notizia, ecc.) off-the-record, da non verbalizzare; non ufficiale; ufficioso; (trasp.) off-road vehicle, fuoristrada ( l'automezzo); off-roader, fuoristrada ( il mezzo); ( anche) fuoristradista; ( sport) off-roading, il fuoristrada ( l'attività, le gare); (market., ingl.) off-sale, vendita di alcolici da asporto ( detti off-sales); (cinem., TV) off-screen, che non compare sullo schermo; fuori campo; (market., tur.) off-season, stagione morta, bassa stagione; (agg.) della bassa stagione: off-season prices, prezzi della bassa stagione; (market.: di un articolo) off-the shelf, fatto in serie, standard; off-the-shoulder blouse, camicetta in stile gitano ( che lascia le spalle nude); ( cricket) off side ► off (5), def. 2; off-stage ► offstage; (autom.) off-street parking, parcheggio su terreno privato ( non su strada); (ipp.) off-track betting, scommesse sui cavalli (da corsa) che avvengono fuori dei locali dell'ippodromo ( con allibratori privati); ( ciclismo, ecc.) off-track race, corsa fuoristrada; ( sport) off-track race rider, fuoristradista; (comm.) off-trade, vendita di alcolici da asporto; ( slang) off-the-wall, assurdo, bizzarro, stravagante, pazzesco; off-white, bianco avorio, bianco isabella, biancosporco; (polit., USA) off-year election, elezioni politiche che si tengono in un anno in cui non si svolgono le presidenziali.
off (5) /ɒf/
n.

1 (fam., spec. sport) via; partenza; inizio ( di una corsa, ecc.): The off was delayed twice, il via è stato rinviato due volte

2 ( cricket) settore del campo alla destra del battitore destrimano

● from the off, dall'inizio; dal principio □ (fig.) I've had my offs and ons, ho avuto i miei alti e bassi.
off (6) /ɒf/
inter.

( nelle corse) via! ( alla partenza).
(to) off /ɒf/
A v. t.

1 (fam.) annullare, disdire ( un impegno, ecc.)

2 ( slang USA) portare via

3 ( slang USA) fare fuori (fam.); uccidere

4 (volg. USA) farsi ( una donna, ecc.); scopare (volg.)

B v. i.

1 ( raro) andarsene

2 ( slang USA) crepare; morire.

English-Italian dictionary > ♦ off
16 moderate

I 1. ['mɒdərət]
aggettivo

1) (not extreme) [person, party, tone] moderato

2) (of average extent) [gain, success] modesto; [ performance] mediocre

3) meteor. [ conditions] mite; [ wind] leggero, moderato
2.
nome moderato m. (-a)
II 1. ['mɒdəreɪt]
verbo transitivo moderare
2.
verbo intransitivo

1) (become less extreme) moderarsi

2) (chair)

to moderate over — fare da moderatore in [ debate]

3) meteor. [wind, storm] placarsi; [ rain] diminuire

* * *
1. ['modəreit] verb
(to make or become less extreme: He was forced to moderate his demands; Gradually the pain moderated.) moderare, moderarsi
2. [-rət] adjective
1) (keeping within reasonable limits; not extreme: The prices were moderate; moderate opinions.) modico, ragionevole

2) (medium or average; not particularly good: workmanship of moderate quality.) modesto, mediocre
3. noun
(a person whose views are not extreme: Politically, she's a moderate.) moderato

- moderately
- moderateness
- moderation
* * *
I 1. ['mɒdərət]
aggettivo

1) (not extreme) [person, party, tone] moderato

2) (of average extent) [gain, success] modesto; [ performance] mediocre

3) meteor. [ conditions] mite; [ wind] leggero, moderato
2.
nome moderato m. (-a)
II 1. ['mɒdəreɪt]
verbo transitivo moderare
2.
verbo intransitivo

1) (become less extreme) moderarsi

2) (chair)

to moderate over — fare da moderatore in [ debate]

3) meteor. [wind, storm] placarsi; [ rain] diminuire

English-Italian dictionary > moderate
17 PBL

1) Общая лексика: Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

2) Медицина: Periferal Blood Leukocyte, Peripheral Blood Leukocyte

3) Военный термин: Patrol Boat, Light, МТО, обусловленное потребностями практической деятельности (Performance Based Logistics)

4) Техника: heading, pressure balance line, production baseline

5) Железнодорожный термин: Philadelphia Belt Line Railroad Company

6) Юридический термин: Psychedelic Boom A Loom

7) Сокращение: (type abbreviation) Patrol escort ship, small (Canada), photo butt line, probable

8) Физиология: Peripheral Blood Leukocytes

9) Электроника: Poly- Buffered LOCOS

10) Менеджмент: project baseline

11) Образование: Problem Based Learning, Project Based Learning

12) Океанография: Planetary Boundary Layer

13) Фармация: process-based limit (PBLs (process-based limits))

14) Аэропорты: Puerto Cabello, Venezuela

15) НАСА: Product BaseLine

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > PBL
18 Pbl

1) Общая лексика: Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

2) Медицина: Periferal Blood Leukocyte, Peripheral Blood Leukocyte

3) Военный термин: Patrol Boat, Light, МТО, обусловленное потребностями практической деятельности (Performance Based Logistics)

4) Техника: heading, pressure balance line, production baseline

5) Железнодорожный термин: Philadelphia Belt Line Railroad Company

6) Юридический термин: Psychedelic Boom A Loom

7) Сокращение: (type abbreviation) Patrol escort ship, small (Canada), photo butt line, probable

8) Физиология: Peripheral Blood Leukocytes

9) Электроника: Poly- Buffered LOCOS

10) Менеджмент: project baseline

11) Образование: Problem Based Learning, Project Based Learning

12) Океанография: Planetary Boundary Layer

13) Фармация: process-based limit (PBLs (process-based limits))

14) Аэропорты: Puerto Cabello, Venezuela

15) НАСА: Product BaseLine

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Pbl
19 moderate

1. 'modəreit verb
(to make or become less extreme: He was forced to moderate his demands; Gradually the pain moderated.) moderar

2. -rət adjective
1) (keeping within reasonable limits; not extreme: The prices were moderate; moderate opinions.) moderado

2) (medium or average; not particularly good: workmanship of moderate quality.) regular

3. noun
(a person whose views are not extreme: Politically, she's a moderate.) moderado

- moderately
- moderateness
- moderation

moderate adj moderado

moderate

tr['mɒdərət]

adjective

1 (average) mediano,-a, regular

■ moderate size tamaño mediano

■ moderate speed velocidad regular

2 (not extreme) moderado,-a; (reasonable) razonable

■ moderate views opiniones moderadas

■ moderate behaviour comportamiento razonable

3 (price) módico,-a

4 (weather) templado,-a; (sea) rizado,-a; (wind) moderado,-a

5 (talent, ability, performance) mediocre, regular

noun

1 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL moderado,-a

transitive verb

1 moderar

intransitive verb

1 (pain) aliviarse, calmarse

2 (wind, storm) amainar, calmarse

3 (act as moderator) hacer de moderador,-ra

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be a moderate drinker beber con moderación

moderate ['mɑdə.reɪt] v, - ated ; - ating vt

: moderar, temperar

moderate vi

1) calm: moderarse, calmarse

2) : fungir como moderador (en un debate, etc.)

moderate ['mɑdərət] adj

: moderado

moderate ['mɑdərət] n

: moderado m, -da f

moderate

adj.

• acomodado, -a adj.

• arreglado, -a adj.

• compasado, -a adj.

• convenible adj.

• mesurado, -a adj.

• moderado, -a adj.

• morigerado, -a adj.

• módico, -a adj.

• parco, -a adj.

• reglado, -a adj.

• regular adj.

• sobrio, -a adj.

• templado, -a adj.

n.

• moderado s.m.

v.

• entibiar v.

• mesurar v.

• moderar v.

• morigerar v.

• temperar v.

• templar v.

I 'mɑːdərət, 'mɒdərət
adjective < price> moderado, módico; <heat/wind> moderado; < views> moderado; < ability> regular, pasable

he's a moderate drinker — bebe con moderación

II 'mɑːdəreɪt, 'mɒdəreɪt
transitive verb

a) moderar

kindly moderate your language — ten la bondad de cuidar el vocabulario que empleas

b) moderating pres p <influence/effect> moderador

III 'mɑːdərət, 'mɒdərət
noun moderado, -da m,f

1. ['mɒdǝrɪt]
ADJ
1) (=not excessive) [amount, speed, wind, heat, success] moderado; [price] módico; [ability] regular, mediano; [improvement, achievement] regular

bake the fish in a moderate oven — hacer el pescado al horno a una temperatura moderada

she is a moderate drinker — bebe con moderación

2) (Pol) (=not extreme) [leader, views, policies] moderado

2.

['mɒdǝrɪt]
N (Pol) moderado(-a) m / f
3. ['mɒdǝreɪt]
VT
1) (=adjust) [+ speed, behaviour, language, temperature] moderar; [+ anger] aplacar

2) (=reduce) [+ one's demands] moderar

3) (=act as moderator for) [+ discussion, debate] moderar

4. ['mɒdǝreɪt]
VI
1) [weather] moderarse; [anger] aplacarse; [wind, storm] amainar, calmarse

2) (=arbitrate) moderar, hacer de moderador

* * *

I ['mɑːdərət, 'mɒdərət]
adjective < price> moderado, módico; <heat/wind> moderado; < views> moderado; < ability> regular, pasable

he's a moderate drinker — bebe con moderación

II ['mɑːdəreɪt, 'mɒdəreɪt]
transitive verb

a) moderar

kindly moderate your language — ten la bondad de cuidar el vocabulario que empleas

b) moderating pres p <influence/effect> moderador

III ['mɑːdərət, 'mɒdərət]
noun moderado, -da m,f

English-spanish dictionary > moderate
20 vary

1. transitive verb
verändern; ändern [Bestimmungen, Programm, Methode, Verhalten, Stil, Route, Kurs]; abwandeln [Rezept, Muster]; (add variety to) abwechslungsreicher gestalten
2. intransitive verb
(become different) sich ändern; [Preis, Nachfrage, Qualität, Temperatur:] schwanken; (be different) unterschiedlich sein; (between extremes) wechseln; (deviate) abweichen

vary in weight/size/shape/colour — etc. im Gewicht/in der Größe/Form/Farbe variieren (from... to...: zwischen... + Dat. und... + Dat.)

opinions vary on this point — die Meinungen gehen in diesem Punkt auseinander

* * *
['veəri] 1. verb
(to make, be or become different: These apples vary in size from small to medium.) variieren

- academic.ru/79744/variable">variable
2. noun
(something that varies, eg in quantity, value, effect etc: Have you taken all the variables into account in your calculations?) veränderliche Größe, die Variable

- variably
- variability
- variation
- varied
* * *

vary

<- ie->

[ˈveəri, AM ˈveri]

I. vi

1. (differ) variieren, verschieden sein

to \vary within wide limits MATH innerhalb weiter Grenzen schwanken

opinions \vary as to... was... angeht, gehen die Meinungen auseinander

to \vary in quality von unterschiedlicher Qualität sein

to \vary greatly [or widely] stark voneinander abweichen

to \vary about the same value MATH um den gleichen Wert schwanken

2. (change) sich akk verändern; (fluctuate) schwanken

II. vt

▪ to \vary sth etw variieren [o abwandeln]

to \vary one's diet abwechslungsreich essen

* * *
['vɛərɪ]
1. vi

1) (= diverge, differ) sich unterscheiden, abweichen (from von)

they vary in price from the others — sie unterscheiden sich im Preis von den anderen

opinions vary on this point — in diesem Punkt gehen die Meinungen auseinander

opinions vary about the value — der Wert wird unterschiedlich eingeschätzt

2) (= be different) unterschiedlich sein

the price varies from shop to shop — der Preis ist von Geschäft zu Geschäft verschieden

his work varies — seine Arbeit ist sehr unterschiedlich

it varies — es ist unterschiedlich, das ist verschieden

3) (= change, fluctuate) sich (ver)ändern; (pressure, prices) schwanken

prices that vary with the season — saisonbedingte Preise pl

to vary with the weather — sich nach dem Wetter richten

2. vt
(= alter) verändern, abwandeln; (= give variety) abwechslungsreich(er) gestalten, variieren
they never vary their diet — sie essen sehr eintönig

try to vary your approach to the problem — Sie sollten das Problem mal von einer anderen Seite angehen

* * *

vary [ˈveərı]

A v/t

1. (ver-, auch JUR ab)ändern

2. variieren, unterschiedlich gestalten, Abwechslung bringen in (akk)

3. variieren, abwandeln ( auch MUS)

B v/i

1. sich (ver)ändern, variieren ( auch BIOL), wechseln, schwanken:

opinions on the performance vary die Meinungen über die Aufführung gehen auseinander

2. (from) abweichen oder verschieden sein (von), nicht übereinstimmen (mit)

* * *
1. transitive verb
verändern; ändern [Bestimmungen, Programm, Methode, Verhalten, Stil, Route, Kurs]; abwandeln [Rezept, Muster]; (add variety to) abwechslungsreicher gestalten
2. intransitive verb
(become different) sich ändern; [Preis, Nachfrage, Qualität, Temperatur:] schwanken; (be different) unterschiedlich sein; (between extremes) wechseln; (deviate) abweichen

vary in weight/size/shape/colour — etc. im Gewicht/in der Größe/Form/Farbe variieren (from... to...: zwischen... + Dat. und... + Dat.)

opinions vary on this point — die Meinungen gehen in diesem Punkt auseinander

* * *

v.

abwandeln v.

variieren v.

English-german dictionary > vary

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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performance limits

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